The aim of present study is to investigate the KINEMATICS of tool-workpiece’s relative MOVEMENT in conventional and ultrasonic-vibration assisted turning (UAT). The kinematic analysis of UAT shows that the MOVEMENT of cutting tool edge relative to the workpiece resulted from the cutting speed, feed speed and tool’s vibration affects the lateral machined surface of workpiece and leaves a repeating pattern of crushed and toothed regions on it. This results in an increase in the surface hardness of the lateral machined surface in comparison with conventional turning (CT). A model of the toolworkpiece’s relative MOVEMENT has first been developed in the present study. This model predicts a surface hardening effect for the lateral surface in UAT in comparison with CT. Several experiments were subsequently carried out employing a surface micro-hardness testing machine and an optical microscope to verify the predicted results.

Abstract Background: Researchers are pursuing the enhancement of sensorimotor skills through the application of virtual reality (VR) in the sports environment. Objectives: This study aimed to compare the performance and KINEMATICS of VR with real-world dart-throwing. Methods: Twenty-four healthy junior high school boy students participated (aged = 13. 66, SD = 0. 48) in this semi-experimental study in the year of 2017. Weexaminedmeanradialandbivariate variable errors as the performance variables. Themaximumflexion angle, release time angle, and angular velocity was examined as the kinematic variables. Standard dartboard, the Xbox360, the Kinect, and a high-speed camera (sampling at 240 Hz) were used to measure the performance and KINEMATICS characteristics of upper limb motion. We used Kinovea 0. 8. 26 and MATLAB R2015b to analyze videos and data smoothing. One-way MANOVA was used to analyze variables. Results: The results revealed (P = 0. 211) no significant differences between VR and real world (RW) training in acquisition and retention outcomes, F (4, 19) = 1. 618. In addition, kinematic dependent variables (P = 0. 414) had no significant difference between groups, F (6, 17) = 1. 077. Conclusions: These findings achieved the same results in performance and KINEMATICS of dart-throwing by VR intervention in the RWcontext. Basic similarities betweenVRandRWMOVEMENTpatterns in thesametask bring motor skills improvement and transfer of learning.

Background: Stress is a migraine trigger. Anxiety sensitivity as a mediator between stress and disease is one of the factors affecting the symptoms of migraine. Purpose of the present study was to assess the effectiveness of Eye MOVEMENT Desensitization and Reprocessing (EMDR) on anxiety sensitivity in patients with migraine.Methods: In this semi experimental study, 36 patients with migraine were randomly divided into two groups: experimental and control. Patients of experimental group received EMDR therapy, 3 sessions of 90 minutes within three weeks. Control group did not receive any medical or psychological intervention. Participants in both groups were evaluated with Anxiety Sensitivity Inventory- Revised (ASI-R) during pre-test, post-test and one-month follow-up.Findings: The analysis of variance with repeated measures showed that eye MOVEMENT desensitization and reprocessing reduces anxiety sensitivity (P<0.05) in patients.Conclusion: The results suggest that EMDR can be considered as one of the therapies for migraine headaches.

Introduction: In this study, a non-invasive method based on consecutive ultrasonic image processing is introduced to assess time rate changes of the carotid artery wall displacement, velocity and acceleration in the longitudinal direction. The application of these parameters to discriminate healthy and atherosclerotic arteries was evaluated.Methods: Longitudinal displacement rate of common carotid artery wall was extracted with temporal resolution of 33 ms using a block-matching algorithm in three groups of subjects. The 3 groups consisted of 16 healthy men (group 1), as well as 16 men with less than 50% (group 2) and 16 subjects with more than 50% atherosclerotic stenosis in carotid artery (group 3). Differentiating the longitudinal displacement equation resulted in time rate changes of instantaneous velocity and acceleration during three cardiac cycles. Maximum and mean values of displacement and maximum and minimum values of velocity and acceleration were compared among the groups.Results: Maximum longitudinal displacement of the arterial wall was 0.438±0.116, 0.653±0.175 and 1.131±0.376 (mm) in groups 1, 2 and 3, respectively. Results of the statistical analysis (ANOVA), with confidence intervals of 95%, confirmed that there are significant differences (p<0.05) among longitudinal MOVEMENT, velocity and acceleration of three groups of arteries.Conclusion: In the present study, time rate changes of kinematic parameters of the carotid artery wall motion in the longitudinal direction was evaluated, with temporal resolution of 33 ms. Healthy and atherosclerotic arteries were differentiated using these parameters. Our findings may help understanding the biomechanical behavior of the arteries.

Purpose: Lower limb injuries are more common in sports with plyometric MOVEMENTs that cause more neuromuscular fatigue. Among the treatments, cold therapy has many applications as an immediate treatment after injury during sport events. Because cooling the joint in a fatigue statemay increase the risk of re-injury when returning to competition. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate an acute effect of neuromuscular fatigue following local joint cooling on postural control and knee KINEMATICS during drop-landing MOVEMENT. Methods: The present study was done using semi-experimental design. The study population of the present study were 40 female students of physical education field. All had at least two years of their education and had been active in volleyball and basketball and had at least 3 sessions per week of sport activities and they had no injury in the lower extremities in the past six months. They were randomly divided into three experimental groups and one control group (10 people in each group). Measurements were performed at three times (pre-test, post-test 1 and post-test 2). Theforce plate (Bertec 40*60 USA) was used to measure center of pressure and the electrogoniameter (biometrics) to measure the range of knee motion during the drop landing, simultaneously. Cooling was performed for 20 minutes (for cooling and cooling after fatigue group) and fatigue protocol (fatigue and cooling after fatigue group) included repeated jumping in various directions from 20 cm platform. In the cooling after fatigue, the subjects first performed the fatigue protocol, then the knee joint cooling was applied immediately. All variables were measured before the interventions, immediately after them (first post-test) and 20 minutes after them (second post-test) in all groups. Analysis of variance with repeated measures and SPSS software in significant level α =0. 05 wasused for data analysis. Results: It has been shown that the mean of COPx changes increased during eccentric phase in all groups following 2 nd post-test compared to 1 st post-test(P=0/01). However, there was no significant difference between groups in the mean of COPx and COPy changes (p>0. 05). Also, landing knee angle decreased in all groups in 1 st post-test compared to pretest (p=0. 04). There was no significant difference between groups in landing, takeoff and maximum knee angle (P>0. 05). Conclusion: Based on the results of the study, it seems that superficial cooling (using an ice pack) after neuromuscular fatigue similar to the conditions in sport events and competitions, has no significant effect on the biomechanical function of the lower extremities and balance of athletes. Therefore, local cooling of joint, as an immediate treatment method that has many benefits and positive physiological effects, to reduce the acute complications of injury, even despite the reduction of local joint temperature and in conditions where the athlete is tired, does not cause a serious risk for athletes during return to activity and there is no possibility of re-injury in them after cooling in a tired condition.

Objectives: Skeletal-muscular disorders affect the biomechanics of the human body, especially the lower extremity, with a negative effect on the biomechanics of exercise. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of fatigue on the kinematic variables of knee joints during counterMOVEMENT jumps in female students of physical education with valgus knee deformity.Methods: Fifteen subjects with valgus knee deformity and 15 healthy subjects without any damage in the lower extremities, particularly in the knees, volunteered to participate in this research. The healthy subjects were identical to those with valgus knee deformity in terms of demographic factors. All of them performed 3 counterMOVEMENT jumps before and after the fatigue program. To create fatigue, a functional fatigue program was utilized, and the Borg scale was used to determine the level of fatigue in the patients.Results: The findings showed that maximum angular velocity and angular displacement significantly decreased in both the groups, after the induction of fatigue. The difference in the valgus degree, before and after fatigue, was greater in patients with valgus deformity as compared to the healthy subjects.Discussion: According to the results, the effects of fatigue on the kinematic variables in patients with valgus knee deformity are greater than on the healthy people. This could have been caused by the changes in the lower extremities and muscle length in patients with valgus knee deformity.

Background: Decreased lumbar spine control may be associated with early and/ or excessive lumbopelvic motion with trunk and lower extremity MOVEMENTs during functional and daily activities. This study investigated differences in lumbopelvic MOVEMENT patterns in people with and without low back pain (LBP) during a stair descending (SD) task. Methods: A total of 36 subjects, 18 females with non-specific chronic low back pain (NSCLBP) and 18 healthy females, participated in this study. A threedimensional motion capture system was used to record KINEMATICS during the SD task. Results: The results showed that in the LBP group, the start-time of the lumbar muscles occurred early in the MOVEMENT (P=0. 015). Additionally, subjects with LBP showed excessive lumbar spine and pelvic MOVEMENT during the SD task (P<0. 05). Conclusion: LBP patients make early and excessive lumbopelvic MOVEMENTs during a SD task, and this can be an important factor contributing to the development or persistence of their LBP problem. This finding should be considered by clinicians when evaluating functional tasks as part of MOVEMENTbased examinations and rehabilitation programs for people with LBP

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare scapular KINEMATICS during elevation phase of abduction, flexion, and scapular plane elevation phase between fifteen persons with shoulder impingement syndrome (SIS) and thirteen persons without it.Methods: Values of scapular KINEMATICS include scapular superior and lateral translations, upward rotation, external rotation, and posterior tipping were statistically tested with mixed model analysis of variance.Results: Scapular upward rotation during 30o, 60o, and 90o of abduction, and initial angle of scapular plane elevation were significantly different between groups (P<0.05). Posterior tipping was significantly decreased in patients with SIS at the initial angle of flexion (P=0.015). Lateral translation at 90o, and 110o of abduction (P=0.015, and P=0.012, respectively) were lesser in patients.Discussion: It seems that scapular KINEMATICS during arm elevation in different MOVEMENT planes is different, especially upward rotation between persons with and without SIS.

Obtaining reliable estimation and information about particulate matters (PM) with aerodynamic diameter less than 10 micron is crucial. This is due to the PM10 serious negative impact on human health and environment. Therefore، studying the concentration and spatial pattern of the PM10 in urban cities، especially populated and industrial cities، has become a popular an important subject for researchers. For this purpose، several pollution stations have been established in different part of cities. These stations have the capability of measuring and recording the concentration amount of various pollutant including PM10، PM2. 5، and etc. however، pollution stations can measure the concentration amount of various stations precisely، their measurements are not spatially connected and only spars point observations are provided. One of mostly used and efficient methods to solve this problem is to use remote sensing data. Aerosol optical depth (AOD) and aerosol contribution to apparent reflectance (ACR) are two mostly used remote sensing data which have been used to study the concentration and spatial pattern of PM10. In this study، we have adopted to use ACR images instead of AOD based on three reasons including their higher spatial resolution، spatially connected (without any gap)، and at last the absence of aerosol robotic network (AERONET) for AOD retrieved values evaluation in our study area. ACR images can be generated though a relation using red and SWIR (2. 1 µ m) bands. In particular، we can estimate the surface reflectance (SR) of the Red band from top of atmosphere reflectance (TOAR) of the SWIR (2. 1 µ m) band. This is possible based on an assumption that the aerosol’ s effect on SWIR band is negligible because of its higher wavelength. After the estimation of Red band SR، the difference between Red band SR and TOAR can be an illustration of the amount of atmospheric reflectance. In this study، moderate resolution imaging spectroradiometer (MODIS) level-1B images identified as MOD02HKM with 500 m spatial resolution for 12 days over Tehran، Iran have been utilized. Their corresponding ground measurements of PM10 concentration from 13 pollution stations spread have been used. We have used artificial neural networks to develop the model to estimate the PM10 concentration from ACR data. This has been done in two different approaches including daily modeling (each day separately) and overall modeling (using 12 days data together). Artificial neural networks with one، two، and three hidden layers and sigmoid transfer function using the levenberg-marquardt algorithm are employed to model the relation between ACR values and corresponding PM10 concentration. Also، pollution maps are generated to investigate the spatial pattern of the PM10. In daily modeling artificial neural networks with one، two، and three layer(s) achieved 0. 769، 0. 806، and 0. 848 R2 values respectively، representing the higher capabilities of artificial neural networks with more hidden layer. However، it should be noted that the increase in the number of hidden layer will result in overfitting of the model to the training part of data. Finally، the overall modeling using artificial neural networks with one، two، and three hidden layer(s) obtained 0. 412، 0. 499، 0. 503 R2 values.